Cultural history
Since groomed bladder of slaughtered animals stable and waterproof, they served in the cultural history of mankind numerous purposes, for example, as one of the first targeted containers used for storage and transport of liquids, cheese or even of important documents. In Europe, especially pig bladders used in the slaughter house were incurred, purified and used.
In the Middle Ages were as a substitute for real glass windows with pig bladders covered wooden frame used
Child with pig's bladder.
Excerpt from Pieter Brueghel the Elder. - Children play picture
Children served dried and inflated bladder as a toy that makes Henry VIII, king of England, survived that he likes with such a pig's bladder played football, children in the country took advantage of the inflated pig bladders as early balloons. Even culinary found the bubbles use of animals for slaughter. Sun reported Vincenzo Tanaras "L'Economia del Cittadino in Villa" (The economy in the townhouse) from the year 1687 from a recipe, which was held at banquets use. It was a small pig's bladder with the yolks of eggs filled about 25, then in boiling water until the yolk was solid. The resulting ball was then in a larger, with the protein of eggs laid-filled bubble. This was now well in boiling water until the protein had become established. Thus was developed to provide a "Riesenei."
Tycho Brahe is said that he had at a banquet the emperor suffered a Harnblasenriss because Hofetikette the guests up from the table before the emperor forbade.
Until the 19th Century were due to the diet bladder stones is a frequent disease. Since the Hippocratic Oath of doctors whose treatment prohibited, formed their own profession, that of Lithotomus (stone cutter) out. The most famous representatives of the professional branch was Johann Andreas Eisenbarth.
The Inuits in Alaska believed that the seat of the soul in the bladder is. For this reason, throughout the year the bubbles shot from Robben collected. Once a year, these were artistically decorated and bladder celebration of the sea to return, so that new animals could form derived from them, then the next year could be hunted [10]. Moreover, the Inuits drums covered with the bladder of whales.
In the Swabian-Alemannic Carnival are inflated pig bladders (Saubloodere), the mating or cords to be waved, a traditional fools device. With the Saublodere noise can be generated, they serve but also to passersby or other fools to beat
history and discovery of urinary system
urinary system information
For invertebrates with Nephridien expand these harnbildenden organs in their final for the bladder.
In the vertebrates, there are two main forms. For some female sharks (Neoselachia) and many real bone fish (Teleostei), the two ureter a blasenartige adhesions, referred to as "bladder" works.
When amphibians (frogs with certain adjustments with drought as a water body; see water reservoir frog), a number of lizards, turtles, lizards and the bridge ostriches lead the ureter into the cloaca. From the cloaca a short corridor leads into the bladder, sometimes described as Harnbeutel. For snakes, crocodiles and all other birds is no bladder trained.
Urinary Sytem Physiology
Physiology
The urine is produced in the kidneys, then in the renal pelvis and then through the ureter into the bladder emptying. Whose wall is filled by the growing stretched, by what is perceived strain sensors. This triggers parasympathetic centers in the sacral spinal reflex one, the so-called Miktionsreflex, from the contraction of the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall and a relaxation of the internal sphincter triggers. The part of this reflex located in the nerve pelvinus. Only when the conscious relaxation of the external sphincter is starts urination. This deliberate control of the external sphincter may, however, very strong filling of the bladder through the nerve pudendus derived inhibitory impulses cease to be valid.
The urination is autonomous reflexes in the sacral spinal cord controls on the higher areas of the central nervous system influence by either inhibit or stimulate. In the brainstem, specifically in the pons (bridge) are centers, the inhibiting and stimulating effect on the Miktionsreflex (Pontine Miktionszentrum, part of the Formatio reticularis). Remains found in the cerebral cortex centers, which are mainly inhibitory, but under certain circumstances can intervene stimulant. The Miktionsreflex is the main cause of urination, but the final responsibility of checking these higher centers. They inhibit the reflex, except when the urination deliberately sought, they can urination by the contraction of the external sphincter delay and they can initiate urination, by stimulating the sacral centers.
Any urination begins by the abdominal muscles are tense. This pushes the bladder and increases the pressure. This presses the urine in the bladder neck and urethra, which will strain sensors excited, and thus the Miktionsreflex triggers. Furthermore, an inhibition of the external sphincter. After undisturbed, not prematurely urination remain usually no more than five to ten milliliter urine in the bladder.
The first exercise of Harnansammlung in the bladder occurs in humans at around 80 ml. At approximately 300 to 500 ml is the need to, to empty the bladder.
Bladder
The situation and the urinary bladder in men
The bladder (Latin Vesica urinaria) is part of the urinary tract as an organ in animals and humans, in which the urine is cached. The muscular, of Urothel lined hollow lies with the people fairly well protected in a small basin. Although the kidney urine flow continuously, allowing the bladder to the human or animal urine willingly and the only time period.
The urine reached among vertebrates from the kidneys via the ureter (ureter) into the bladder. Your maximum capacity is for people depending on body size between about 900 and 1500 ml In the adult human occurs at about 300-500 ml urination, in dependence on external and internal stimuli, it can also significantly lower during filling to urination or involuntary discharge to come. When emptying the bladder closing muscles on the ground relaxed, so that the urine through the urethra (urethra) discharged.