Transparency is clear , indicating the lack of large solutes such as
plasma proteins or blood cells . [can be influenced by bacterial
metabolism in older urine samples].
Color is from light yellow to amber , due to urochrome pigments
as byproduct of bile metabolism [can be influenced by food,
menstrual bleeding , and minor metabolic products].
Odor is from aromatic to slightly ammonia – like , due to the
nitrogenous wastes in urine. [can be influenced by disorders such
as glycosuria where urine shows a sweet odor, or by food such as
garlic , or by drug].
pH is from 4.6 to 8.0 with an average of 6.0 , due to H+ in the
urine [strongly influenced by diet where protein cause acidic urine
, and vegetables and wheat cause alkaline urine].
Specific gravity (a measurement of dissolved solutes in a
solution) is from 1.001 to 1.035 , due to the 5% solute
composition in normal urine .
Volume is 1-2 liters per day (about 1% of filtration input).
[can be influenced by body activities , water intake ,
hormonal regulation, or disorders such as diabetes insipidus
Physical properties of urine
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