Transparency is clear , indicating the lack of large solutes such as
plasma proteins or blood cells . [can be influenced by bacterial
metabolism in older urine samples].
Color is from light yellow to amber , due to urochrome pigments
as byproduct of bile metabolism [can be influenced by food,
menstrual bleeding , and minor metabolic products].
Odor is from aromatic to slightly ammonia – like , due to the
nitrogenous wastes in urine. [can be influenced by disorders such
as glycosuria where urine shows a sweet odor, or by food such as
garlic , or by drug].
pH is from 4.6 to 8.0 with an average of 6.0 , due to H+ in the
urine [strongly influenced by diet where protein cause acidic urine
, and vegetables and wheat cause alkaline urine].
Specific gravity (a measurement of dissolved solutes in a
solution) is from 1.001 to 1.035 , due to the 5% solute
composition in normal urine .
Volume is 1-2 liters per day (about 1% of filtration input).
[can be influenced by body activities , water intake ,
hormonal regulation, or disorders such as diabetes insipidus
Physical properties of urine
Urinary tract infections
About 80 to 90 percent of UTIs are caused by a single type of bacteria. UTIs can be treated effectively with medications called antibiotics. People who get repeated UTIs may need additional tests to check for other health problems.
UTIs also may be called cystitis or a bladder infection. This brochure answers the questions most often asked about UTIs. If you have more questions, speak to your doctor.
What is a urinary tract infection?
A urinary tract infection is what happens when bacteria (germs) get into the urinary tract (the bladder) and multiply. The result is redness, swelling and pain in the urinary tract. Most UTIs stay in the bladder, the pouch-shaped organ where urine is stored before it passes out of the body. If a UTI is not treated promptly, the bacteria can travel up to the kidneys and cause a more serious type of infection, called pyelonephritis (pronounced pie-low-nef-right-iss) . Pyelonephritis is an actual infection of the kidney, where urine is produced. This may result in fever and back pain.
What are the symptoms of a uti ?
Some people don’t have any symptoms with a UTI. However, most get at least one or some of the following. an urgent need to urinate, often with only a few drops of urine to pass. a burning feeling when urinating an aching feeling, pressure or pain in your lower abdomen cloudy or blood-tinged urine
a strong odor to your urine.If the infection spreads to the kidneys and becomes more
severe, you may also have: pain in your lower back fever and chills nausea and vomiting. See your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms.
What will the doctor do to check for a urinary track ?
Your doctor will test a sample of your urine for bacteria and blood cells. This is called a urinalysis. It is important that you get instruction on how to collect the urine specimen properly to avoid bacterial contamination. A culture of the urine will tell the doctor which bacteria are present. Different antibiotics may also be tested to see which works best against the bacteria. If an infection does not clear up with treatment, or if you have repeated infections, your doctor may refer you to a urologist, a physician who specializes in diseases of the urinary tract. Often, the urologist will order some special tests such as:
An ultrasound exam, which gives a picture of your kidneys and bladder using sound waves. A cystoscopic exam, which uses a hollow tube with special lenses to look inside Urodynamics, a test that determines if the bladder is functioning properly. An intravenous pyelogram, which involves injecting a dye into a vein and taking images of your kidneys and bladder.
How are uti s treated?
UTIs are treated with antibiotics. Your doctor may ask you to take the antibiotics for a week or two to make sure the infection has been cured. If your infection has spread to your kidneys, you may need several weeks of antibiotic treatment. In addition to antibiotics, your doctor may also tell you to drink plenty of fluids. When people have other health problems in addition to their UTI, such as an enlarged prostate gland (in a man) or kidney stones, they will need to have these problems treated along with the UTI.
are certain people more likely to get utis?
Yes. While anyone can get a UTI, some people are more likely than others to get them. People who have diabetes may have changes in their body’s immune system, making it easier for them to get UTIs. People with blockages in their urinary tract, such as a kidney stone, are more likely to get UTIs. An enlarged prostate gland in a man can also block the flow of urine and cause a UTI.
Infants who are born with an abnormality of their urinary tract have an increased chance of getting a UTI. Surgery is sometimes needed to correct the problem. People who have a catheter, or tube, placed in their bladder for a long time are more prone to UTIs. This is because bacteria on the catheter can infect the bladder. Women get more UTIs than men. This may be because women have a shorter urethra (pronounced you-reeth-rah), which makes it easier for bacteria to travel up to the bladder.
are pregnant women more likely to get utis?
UTIs may be more serious during pregnancy because the bacteria are more likely to travel to the kidneys. A pregnant woman with a UTI should consult her doctor to avoid potential problems like high blood pressure or premature delivery of her baby.
What can be done for women who get repeated uti s?
A woman who gets UTIs often (three or more a year) should speak to her doctor. The doctor may recommend one of the following options:
Taking low doses of an antibiotic daily for six months or longer.
Taking a single dose of an antibiotic after having sex. (For many women, having sex seems to trigger a UTI.)
Taking an antibiotic for one or two days when symptoms of a UTI occur.
Do men get uti s?
Yes, though much less often than women. A UTI in a man may be caused by an enlarged prostate gland, which can block the flow of urine
Filtration
- Renal filtrate
- plasma minus blood cells and blood proteins
- most reabsorbed (99%)
- Filtration membrane: fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane and pores formed by podocytes
- Filtration pressure : responsibl for filtrate formation
- Glomerular capillary pressure (GCP) minus capsule pressure (CP) minua colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
- Changes caused by glomerular capillary pressure
- Glomerular filtrate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- GFR=180 lt/day
- Inulin is used to calculate GFR
- Inulin can not be reabsorbed or secreted from tubules after filtration
- Urine and plasma amount of inulin are measured after it is given intraenously.
The Urinary System Presentation
The Human Body in Health & Disease presentation video from youtube. Very good education video about urinary system in human.
urine concentration mechanism
When large volume of water consumed:
-eliminate excess without losing large amounts of electrolytes
-response is kidneys produce lrge volume of dilute urine
when drinking water not available:
-kidneys produce small volume of concentrated urine
-removes waste and prevents rapid dehydration
Mammalian excretory system
The structure of mammalian kidney; Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal tubule, distal tubule, henle loop, collecting ducts. Pelvis renalis, ureter, urine bladder, urethra. Blood vessel supplying the glomerulus. Filtration barrier; capillary endothellial cell layer, basement membrane, podocyte membrane.
The function of the kidney: filtration, reabsorbtion and secretion. Glomerular filtration: filtrate, filtration pressure, generation of filtration pressure. Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
urine and urea
Urine is normally composed of water and wasted products filtered
form the body. The kidney produces urine. The other main function of the
kidney is to regulate fluid balance in the body. It performs this function by
using a selective osmosis system. Basically, the way it works is that
electrolytes (dissolved salts like sodium, potassium, calcium, carbonate,
chloride) are pumped back into or out of urine and blood so that in the end,
just the right amounts of electrolyte and water exit the kidney blood vein.
The rest ends up in urine. Interestingly, normal urine is sterile and has no
bacteria.
Urine chemistry
Chemistry of urine below. If you want to components of urine these are: urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, water, chloride, ammonia, sulphate, phosphate
colors of urine
some kind of materials can change the color of urine is the
vitamin B2 (riboflavin). If you swallow a vitamin B2 supplement, and the amount is more than your body needs, the vitamin is excreted in the urine.
The urine will be a VERY bright yellow - almost fluorescent (except it probably will not glow in the dark). But there is nothing wrong with you when this happens - it is just your body getting rid of extra vitamin B2.
Some health authorities use this as an example that taking large doses of vitamins only makes expensive urine. However, nutritionists who advocate
large vitamin supplementation counter by saying that it is only when the
excess amounts of vitamins spill over into the urine that you know for sure
that your body is getting the maximum amount of the vitamins.
urinary system pictures
urinary system pictures and photos.. Urinary system photographs and pictures
urinary tract infection cure
Discover In Just 5 Minutes How To Beat Urinary Tract Infections WITHOUT Resorting To Antibiotics
The Urinary System
The urinary system, which is primarily concerned with the removal of nitrogenous waste products from the body.
The kidneys function in several capacities: as an excretory organ, maintaining electrolyte continuity, stabilizing the acid-base balance, and maintaining an adequate fluid balance. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. As the kidneys filter toxins from the blood, these toxins are deposited out of the body in urine; at the same time the kidneys are retaining those substances that help maintain a state of homeostasis within the body.
The formation of urine by the kidneys involves several steps: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. The malfunction of the kidneys can alter one’s state of wellness drastically, and if untreated can cause irreversible damage to the kidneys and even death
Excretory Passages
information about excretory passages: it is another important part or urinary system organs. it is having produced urine, it's necessary to get rid of it. It drips from the tips of the renal pyramids into the renal pelvis into the upper end of the collecting system, and flows through a series of tubes to the outside. for more info. about it
Facts about urine
- Adults pass about a quart and a half of urine each day, depending on the fluids and foods consumed.
- The volume of urine formed at night is about half that formed in the daytime.
- Normal urine is sterile. It contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi.
- The tissues of the bladder are isolated from urine and toxic substances by a coating that discourages bacteria from attaching and growing on the bladder wall.
Blood Cleaning by the Kidneys
Blood Cleaning by the Kidneys
the processes performed by the kidneys in order to filter blood.
Glomerular Filtration also called "Ultra-filtration",
Tubular Reabsorption also called "Selective Re-Absorption" and
Tubular Secretion.
it occurs in the kidney nephrons
The Urinary System components
I. Macroscopic Kidneys
II. Nephrons
III. Renal Corpuscle
IV. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
V. Loop of Henle
VI. Distal Convoluted Tubule
VII. Collecting Tubules & Ducts
VIII. Blood Flow
IX. Ureter & Bladder
X. Urethra
history and discovery of urinary system
Cultural history
Since groomed bladder of slaughtered animals stable and waterproof, they served in the cultural history of mankind numerous purposes, for example, as one of the first targeted containers used for storage and transport of liquids, cheese or even of important documents. In Europe, especially pig bladders used in the slaughter house were incurred, purified and used.
In the Middle Ages were as a substitute for real glass windows with pig bladders covered wooden frame used
Child with pig's bladder.
Excerpt from Pieter Brueghel the Elder. - Children play picture
Children served dried and inflated bladder as a toy that makes Henry VIII, king of England, survived that he likes with such a pig's bladder played football, children in the country took advantage of the inflated pig bladders as early balloons. Even culinary found the bubbles use of animals for slaughter. Sun reported Vincenzo Tanaras "L'Economia del Cittadino in Villa" (The economy in the townhouse) from the year 1687 from a recipe, which was held at banquets use. It was a small pig's bladder with the yolks of eggs filled about 25, then in boiling water until the yolk was solid. The resulting ball was then in a larger, with the protein of eggs laid-filled bubble. This was now well in boiling water until the protein had become established. Thus was developed to provide a "Riesenei."
Tycho Brahe is said that he had at a banquet the emperor suffered a Harnblasenriss because Hofetikette the guests up from the table before the emperor forbade.
Until the 19th Century were due to the diet bladder stones is a frequent disease. Since the Hippocratic Oath of doctors whose treatment prohibited, formed their own profession, that of Lithotomus (stone cutter) out. The most famous representatives of the professional branch was Johann Andreas Eisenbarth.
The Inuits in Alaska believed that the seat of the soul in the bladder is. For this reason, throughout the year the bubbles shot from Robben collected. Once a year, these were artistically decorated and bladder celebration of the sea to return, so that new animals could form derived from them, then the next year could be hunted [10]. Moreover, the Inuits drums covered with the bladder of whales.
In the Swabian-Alemannic Carnival are inflated pig bladders (Saubloodere), the mating or cords to be waved, a traditional fools device. With the Saublodere noise can be generated, they serve but also to passersby or other fools to beat